The test materials are well constructed, making the CTOPP-2 easy to administer, score, and interpret. Overall, the CTOPP-2 appears to be a reliable and valid measure of phonological processing for individuals aged 4 to 24.

Measures of symbolic and non-symbolic naming are now included in the 4- to 6-year-old form. However, floor effects were apparent on selected subtests for children in the lowest end of the extended age range (i.e., 4-year-olds). Floor effects present in the 5- and 6-year-old version of the first edition were successfully addressed by adding easier items, extending the use of the new edition to children as young as 4. This second edition differs from its predecessor in that it has new norms, ceilings have been increased by adding more difficult items, and a new phonological awareness subtest has been added (i.e., Phoneme Isolation). According to its authors, the CTOPP-2 may be used to identify individuals who are markedly below their peers in phonological abilities, determine individuals' relative strengths and weaknesses in phonological abilities, document individuals' progress in specific intervention programs, and serve as a research tool in studies investigating phonological processing. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(85)90126-5.The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing-Second Edition (CTOPP-2 Wagner, Torgesen, Rashotte, & Pearson, 2013) is a norm-referenced test that measures phonological processing skills related to reading for individuals aged 4 to 24. An analysis of 70 consecutive cases treated with the Herbst appliance. Results: Chronological and dental age showed a high correlation for both gender(r 0.741 for boys, r 0.770 for girls, p<0.001). Dentofacial orthopedics in relation to somatic maturation. Statistical elaboration included Spearman Brown formula, descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis, paired samples t-test, and Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. Prediction of the age of maximum puberal growth in body height. 23, Craniofacial Growth Series, Center for Human Growth and Development. Craniofacial growth theory and orthodontic treatment. Mechanism of craniofacial growth and modus operandi of functional appliances: A cell-level and cybernetic approach to orthodontic decision making. An analysis of 72 male patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion treated with the Herbst appliance. Dentofacial orthopaedics in relation to chronological age, growth period and skeletal development. Changes in facial dimensions and relationships between the ages of 5 and 25 years. The second molars showed the highest correlation whereas the canines showed the lowest correlation for both gender.Ĭhronological age dental age dental calcification skeletal maturation.īishara S.E., Peterson L.C., Bishara E.C. Moreover, all correlations between skeletal and dental stages were statistically significant. During the peak period these differences were more pronounced. The second molars showed the highest correlation with CVM stages (CVMS) (r= 0.65 for boys, r = 0.72 for girls).ĭental age was more advanced than chronological for both boys and girls for all CVMS. A statistically significant correlation (p<0.001) between tooth calcification and CVM stages was determined. The t-test revealed statistically significant differences between these variables (p<0.001) during the peak period. Statistical elaboration included Spearman Brown formula, descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis, paired samples t-test, and Spearman's rho correlation coefficient.Ĭhronological and dental age showed a high correlation for both gender(r =0.741 for boys, r = 0.770 for girls, p0.001). Dental age was assessed according to the method of Demirjian, and skeletal maturation according to the Cervical Vertebral Maturation Method. The lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs were examined from the archives of the Department of Orthodontics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Subjects were selected from orthodontic pre-treatment cohorts consisting of 420 subjects where 255 were identified and enrolled into the study, comprising 145 girls and 110 boys. To investigate the relationship between dental, chronological, and cervical vertebral maturation growth in the peak growth period, as well as to study the association between the dental calcification phases and the skeletal maturity stages during the same growth period.

Pearson chronological age